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Forest Society and Colonialism Test - 1

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Forest Society and Colonialism Test - 1
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Weekly Quiz Competition
  • Question 1
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    Forests were considered unproductive in the early Nineteenth Century by the colonial state. Which of the following was the reason?
    Solution
    in the early nineteenth century, the colonial state thought that forests were unproductive. They were considered to be wilderness that had to be brought under cultivation so that the land could yield agricultural products and revenue, and enhance the income of the state.
  • Question 2
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    The British directly encouraged the production of commercial crops due to their demand in Europe. Which of the following is not a commercial crop?

    Solution

    The British directly encouraged the production of crops like jute, sugar, wheat and cotton.The demand for these crops increased in the 19th century in England where food grains were needed to feed the growing urban population. Rubber was not a commercial crop.

  • Question 3
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    In which of the following years did the 'Indian Forest Act' come into being?
    Solution
    The Indian Forest Act of 1865 extended the British colonialism in India and claimed forests in India. The 1865 Act was a precursor to the Forest Act of 1878, which truncated the centuries-old traditional use by communities of their forests and secured the colonial government's control over the forestry. The Act of 1865 empowered the British government to declare any land covered with trees as a government forest and make rules to manage it. The government mainly used the woods for railway sleepers manufacture. This law also made teak wood a government property.
  • Question 4
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    The demand for commercial crops increased in the nineteenth-century Europe due to which of the following reasons?

    a. Food grains were required to feed the growing urban population.
    b. Raw material was required for industrial production.
    c. Trading in food grains was becoming a very lucrative business.
    Solution
    The demand for the commercial crops like jute, sugar, wheat and cotton increased in the 19th century Europe. Food grains were required to feed the growing population and raw materials were needed for industrial production.
  • Question 5
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    Who among the following started a movement against the state ownership of forests?
    Solution
    Surontiko Samin argued that the state had not created the wind, water, earth and wood so it could not own it. Soon a widespread movement developed. Samin's sons-in-law were among those who helped organise this movement. By 1907, 3000 families were following his ideas. The Saminists protested against the Dutch in their own way. They lay down on their land when the Dutch came to survey it, while others refused to pay taxes or fines or perform labour.
  • Question 6
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    Which of the following statements is/are false?

    a. For colonial trade and for the movement of imperial troops, railways were essential.
    b. The disappearance of oak forests in England created problems for timber supply for the Royal Navy.
    c. Gunda Dhur, a German expert, set up the Indian Forest Service and helped formulate the Indian Forest Act.
    Solution
    The spread of railways from the 1850s created a new demand. Railways were essential for colonial trade and for the movement of imperial troops. To run locomotives, wood was needed as fuel and to lay railway lines, sleepers were essential to hold the tracks together. Each mile of railway track required between 1760 and 2000 sleepers. From the 1860s, the railway network expanded rapidly. By the early 19th century, oak forests in England were disappearing. This created a problem of timber supply for the Royal Navy. English ships could not be built without a regular supply of strong and durable timber. Imperial power could not be protected without ships. Therefore, by the 1820s, search parties were sent to explore the forest resources of India. Brandis, a German expert, set up the Indian Forest Service and helped formulate the Indian Forest Act.
  • Question 7
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    The Imperial Forest Research Institute was set up at Dehradun. Which of the following systems was taught there?
    Solution
    The Imperial Forest Research Institute was set up at Dehradun in 1906. The system they taught here was called 'scientific forestry'. Scientific forestry is the science of managing forests and tree plantations. Natural forests with different types of trees were cut down and replaced with one type of tree planted in rows known as plantation.
  • Question 8
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    Match the following:

    Forest Communities Places of Living
    a. Koravar 1. Jharkhand
    b. Gonds 2. Chhattisgarh
    c. Santhals 3. Madras Presidency
    Solution
    The Koravar were one of the tribes of the Madras Presidency during the British Raj in India. They were primarily involved in the salt trade.
    The Gonds are among the largest tribal groups in South Asia, and perhaps the world. They are spread over the states of Madhya Pradesh, eastern Maharashtra (Vidarbha), Chhattisgarh, Uttar Pradesh, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Bihar and Odisha.
    The Santhals are an ethnic group native to India and Bangladesh in South Asia. The Santhals are the largest tribe in the Jharkhand state of India in terms of population and are also found in the states of Assam, Bihar, Odisha and West Bengal. They are the largest ethnic minority in northern Bangladesh's Rajshahi Division and Rangpur Division.
  • Question 9
    1 / -0
    After the amendment of the Forest Act in 1878, for house building or fuel, villagers could take wood from which of the following forests?

    a. Reserved forests
    b. Protected forests
    c. Village forests
    Solution
    The 1878 Act divided forests into three categories : reserved, protected and village forests. The best forests were called 'reserved forests'. Villagers could not take anything from these forests, even for their own use. For house building or fuel, they could take wood from protected or village forests.
  • Question 10
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    Match the following:

    a. The thorny bark of the semur 1. Can be stitched together to make disposable plates and cups
    b. The siadi creeper 2. Used to grate vegetables
    c. The leaves of trees 3. Used to make ropes
    Solution
    Match the following:

    a. The thorny bark of the semur 2. Used to grate vegetables
    b. The siadi creeper 3. Used to make ropes
    c. The leaves of trees 1. Can be stitched together to make disposable plates and cups

    Silk Cotton tree (Bombax ceiba) or the semur tree is an Asian tropical tree having an eroded bark with conical spines and thorns when aged. So, this peculiarity is very much useful as a natural grater. The bark is, therefore, shredded and used for grating vegetables.
    Saidi creeper is used for basically making ropes and these ropes have religious values. The 'saidi creepers' are considered as very pure among the trees in Bhuyan tribe. These tribes used the traditional process to built up the rope from these creepers which is used in 'Rath yatra'.
    In India, serving food on leaf dining plates is a long-standing tradition with its own cultural, religious, medicinal, and socioeconomic significance. The leaf plate stitching is a livelihood activity for tribal people in Odisha, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Andhra Pradesh, and Telangana states of India.
  • Question 11
    1 / -0
    Which of the following decisions was taken by the Forest Act, 1878?
    Solution
    The 1878 Act divided forests into three categories: reserved, protected and village forests. The best forests were called 'reserved forests'. Villagers could not take anything from these forests, even for their own use. For house building or fuel, they could take wood from protected or village forests.
  • Question 12
    1 / -0
    Which of the following is a local term for swidden agriculture in India?
    Solution
    Bewar is a local term for swidden agriculture in India.
    It has many local names like lading in South-East Asia, Milpa in Central America, Chitemene or tavy in Africa, Chena in Sri Lanka. In India, dhya, penda, bewar, nevad, jhum, podu, khandad and kumri are some of the local terms for swidden agriculture.
  • Question 13
    1 / -0
    Which of the following statements is/are false?

    a. Parts of forests are cut and burnt in shifting cultivation.
    b. The Forest Department preferred trees like sal and teak that were suitable for building ships and railways.
    c. Shifting cultivation made it easier for the government to calculate taxes.
    Solution
    In some areas, cultivators use a practice of slash-and-burn as one element of their farming cycle. Others employ land clearing without any burning, and some cultivators are purely migratory and do not use any cyclical method on a given plot. The forest department wanted trees which were suitable for building ships or railways. They needed trees that could provide hardwood and were tall and straight. So particular species, like teak and sal, were promoted and others were cut.
  • Question 14
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    Which of the following trees was used by the Mundurucu people of the Brazilian Amazon to collect latex?
    Solution
    With the growing demand for rubber in the mid-nineteenth century, the Mundurucu peoples of the Brazilian Amazon who lived in villages on high ground and cultivated manioc, began to collect latex from wild rubber trees for supplying to traders.
  • Question 15
    1 / -0
    Match the following:

    Names of leaders Places where they belonged to
    a. Siddhu and Kanu 1. Chhotanagpur
    b. Birsa Munda 2. Andhra Pradesh
    c. Alluri Sitarama Raju 3. Santhal Parganas
    Solution
    Names of leaders Places where they belonged to
    a. Siddhu and Kanu 3. Santhal Parganas
    b. Birsa Munda 1. Chhotanagpur
    c. Alluri Sitarama Raju 2. Andhra Pradesh

    Siddhu Murmu and Kanu Murmu were the leaders of the Santhal rebellion, the rebellion in present-day Jharkhand and Bengal in eastern India against both the British colonial authority and the corrupt zamindari system.
    Birsa Munda, who fought for tribal rights against the British rule in the late nineteenth century, is remembered by the nation on his death anniversary. A fearless youth from Chhotanagpur Plateau area who became a freedom fighter, religious leader and folk hero among the Munda tribe was born on November 15, 1875, to Sugana Munda and Karmi Hatu in Ulihatu, Jharkhand.
    Alluri Sitarama Raju (1897 or 1898 – 7 May 1924) was an Indian revolutionary involved in the Indian independence movement. After the passing of the 1882 Madras Forest Act, its restrictions on the free movement of tribal people in the forest prevented them from engaging in their traditional podu agricultural system, which involved shifting cultivation. Alluri Sitarama Raju lived in Andhra Pradesh.
  • Question 16
    1 / -0
    Which of the following were a community of skilled forest cutters and shifting cultivators of Java?
    Solution
    The Kalangs were skilled community of woodcutters and shifting cultivators. They were considered an important community due to their skills that were required to harvest teak and engage in other construction activities.
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